Образование в англоязычных странах
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Тема: Образование в англоязычных странах
University education
The are 44 universities (not counting
the Open university*) in Britain.
Although the
Government is responsible for
providing about 80 per cent of universities’ income it does not control
their or teaching nor does it have direct dealing with the universities. The grants
are distributed by the University Grants Committee, a body appointed by the Secretary of
State for Education and Science.
The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and the Scottish Universities of
St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh
from the fifteenth and sixteen centuries. All the other universities were founded in the nineteenth or twentieth centuries.
There are five other institutions where the work is of university standard: the University of Manchester Institute of Science and technology; the two postgraduate business
schools which are supported jointly by industry and the Government
- the
Manchester Business School and the London Graduate School of Business Studies, associated with the London School of Economics and the Imperial College of
Cranfield Institute of
and Royal College of Art.
Studies and degrees
Courses in arts and science are offered
by most universities. Imperial
College, London, the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology and some of the newer universities concentrate on technology although they also
offer a number of courses in social studies, modern languages and other non-technological subjects. About 45 per cent of full-time university students in Grate Britain are talking
arts or social studies courses and 41 per cent science and technology: about 10 per are studying medicine, dentistry and health, and the remainder agriculture, forestry, veterinary
science, architecture and town and country planning.
University degree courses generally extend over three or four years, though in medicine, dentistry and veterinary
science five or six years are required. The first degree of Bachelor(Master
in the arts faculties of the older Scottish universities) is
awarded on the
completion of such a course, depending on satisfactory examination results. Further study or research is required at the modern universities for the degree
of Master and by all universities for that of Doctor. Actual degree titles vary according to the practice of each university. A uniform standard of degree
throughout the country is ensured by having external examiners on all examining boards. In the last decades there has been a tendency for degree courses to become more broadly based
in subject matter, particularly in the new universities.
University teaching combines lectures, practical classes (in scientific subjects) and small group teaching in either seminars or tutorials.
Most member of the academic staff devote time to research and at all universities there are postgraduate students engaged in research.
Students
Admission
to the universities is by examination and selection. Women are admitted on equal terms with men but at Cambridge their numbers may be limited by ordinance. The
general proportion of men to women students is about three to one; at Oxford it is over four to one, and at Cambridge seven to one. Over a third of
all full-time university students in Britain are living in college and halls of residence, slightly under a half
are in lodgings, and the remainder live at home.
Despite recent expansion
programmes, applications for places at universities for arts studies still exceed the number available. Prospective candidates for nearly all the universities apply for
places through the Universities Central Council on
Admissions. The only student who apply directly are applicants to the Open University and British candidates who apply only for
the university of Glasgow, Aberdeen and
Strathclyde.
In 1971-72 there were about 234,000 full-time university students in Grate Britain including 43,000 postgraduates. In 1970-71 th...